2.69.2.2 Algorithm for Capability AnalysisAlgorithm-CA
Normal Capability Analysis
Standard Deviation Estimation
Within-subgroup and overall standard deviations are estimated for normal capability analysis.
- Within-subgroup Standard Deviation ()
- According to the subgroup size (bigger than 1, or equal to 1), estimating method is different.
- Subgroup Size > 1
- Average of Subgroup Ranges (Rbar)
- , where
- : Number of subgroups
- : The range of the subgroup,
- : Number of observations in the subgroup
- : Unbiasing constant,
- Average of Subgroup Standard Deviations (Sbar)
- Unbiased , where
- Not use unbiasing constant,
- : Number of subgroups
- : The standard deviation of the subgroup
- : Number of observations in the subgroup
- : Unbiasing constant,
- Pooled Standard Deviation
- Unbiased , where ,
- Not use unbiasing constant,
- : Number of subgroups
- : Number of observations in the subgroup
- : The observation in the subgroup
- : The Mean of the subgroup
- : Degrees of freedom for
- : Unbiasing constant,
- : Gamma function
- Subgroup Size = 1
- Average of Moving Range
-
- : The number of all observations
- : The number of observations used in the moving range
- : The moving range. , and is the observation
- : Unbiasing constant,
- Median of Moving Range
-
- : The number of all observations
- : The number of observations used in the moving range
- : The moving range. , and is the observation
- : The median of the
- : Unbiasing constant,
- Square Root of Mean Squared Successive Differences (MSSD)
- Unbiased
- Not use unbiasing constant,
- : Number of observations
- : Succesive differences of observations
- : Unbiasing constant,
- Ovarall Standard Deviation ()
- Unbiased , where
- Not use unbiasing constant,
- : Number of all observations
- : The observation
- : The Mean of the all observations
- : Unbiasing constant,
Potential Capability
- Cp
-
- : Upper and lower specification limits respectively
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Within-subgroup standard deviation
- Confidence Interval Bounds for Cp
-
-
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom
- : percentile of chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom
- is calculated differently based on the method used for standard deviation.
- Average of Subgroup Ranges (Rbar):
- Average of Subgroup Standard Deviations (Sbar):
- Pooled standard deviation:
- Average of Moving Range or Median of Moving Range:
- Square Root of MSSD:
- where is the subgroup size, is number of subgroups, is the length of the moving range, is the mean of subgroup size, , and is calculated according to as follows:
n |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6,7 |
8,9 |
10-17 |
18-64 |
> 64
|
|
0.88 |
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
0.96 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.99 |
1
|
- CPL
-
- : Process mean estimated from observations or historical value
- : Lower specification limit
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Within-subgroup standard deviation
- CPU
-
- : Process mean estimated from observations or historical value
- : Upper specification limit
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Within-subgroup standard deviation
- Cpk
-
- Confidence Interval Bounds for Cpk
-
-
- : Total number of observations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom, for details, please refer to Confidence Interval Bounds for Cp above
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : percentile from the standard normal distribution
- CCpk
-
- : Estimated mean,
- : Upper and lower specification limits respectively
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Within-subgroup standard deviation
- : Mean of observations
Overall Capability
- Pp
-
- : Upper and Lower specification limits respectively
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Overall standard deviation
- Confidence Interval Bounds for Pp
-
-
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom,
- : Number of observations
- : percentile of the chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom
- PPL
-
- : Process mean, can be historical value, or calculated from observations
- : Lower specification limit
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Overall standard deviation
- PPU
-
- : Process mean, can be historical value, or calculated from observations
- : Upper specification limit
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Overall standard deviation
- Ppk
-
- Confidence Interval Bounds for Ppk
-
-
- : Number of observations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom,
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : The percentile from the standard normal distribution
- Cpm
- When is specified, it is able to calculate Cpm using and .
-
- : Upper and Lower specification limits respectively
- : Target value
- : Multiplier of the sigma tolerance
- : Midpoint between and
- : Number of observations in subgroup
- : The observation in the subgroup
- : Number of subgroups
- : Missing value
- Confidence Interval Bounds for Cpm
- Two-Sided
-
-
- One-Sided
-
- : Degrees of freedom, , where , and is the number of observations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : quantile of the chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom
Benchmark Zs for Potential Capability
- Z.LSL, Z.USL, and Z.Bench
-
-
-
- : Process mean, estiimated from data, or historical mean
- : Lower and upper specification limits
-
-
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Within subgroups standard deviation
- Confidence Intervals for Z.Bench With Two Specification Limits
- Two-Sided
-
-
- where
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- : Total number of obsevations
- : Tail probabilities outside of the specification limits
- : percential of standard normal distribution
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Process mean, estimated from data, or historical mean
- : Lower and upper specification liimits
- : Within subgroups standard deviation
- : Degrees of freedom for
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Probability density function of standard normal distribution
- One-Sided
- Refer to the Two-Sided above, and change to in the definition of for .
- Confidence Intervals for Z.Bench With One Specification Limit
- Lower Specification Limit and Two-Sided
-
-
- : Total number of obsevations
- : percential of standard normal distribution
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- Lower Specification Limit and One-Sided
-
- : Root of the equation:
- : Total number of obsevations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Random variable that is distributed as non-central t distribution with degrees of freedom and non-centrality parameter
- : Cumulative distribution function of non-central t distribution
- Upper Specification Limit and Two-Sided
-
-
- : Total number of obsevations
- : percential of standard normal distribution
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- Upper Specification Limit and One-Sided
-
- : Root of the equation:
- : Total number of obsevations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Random variable that is distributed as non-central t distribution with degrees of freedom and non-centrality parameter
- : Cumulative distribution function of non-central t distribution
Benchmark Zs for Overall Capability
The calculation of benchmark Zs for overall capability is similar to potential capability, by replacing the by . Please refer to Benchmark Zs for Potential Capability for more details.
Expected Within Performance
- PPM < LSL and % < LSL
- The parts per million (PPM) less than the lower specification limit (PPM < LSL) and percentage less than the lower specification limit (% < LSL) are computed from the probability which is as follows:
-
- : Lower specification limit
- : Process mean, estimated from data, or historical mean
- : Within subgroups standard deviation
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- Then and are multiples of the above probability:
-
-
- Confidence Intervals for PPM < LSL and % < LSL
- Two-Sided
- Confidence intervals for are given by the following formulas
-
-
-
-
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Number of observations
- : Alaph for confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : percentile of standard normal distribution
- Then get
-
-
-
-
- One-Sided
-
-
- where is the root of
- : Total number of obsevations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Random variable that is distributed as non-central t distribution with degrees of freedom and non-centrality parameter
- : Cumulative distribution function of non-central t distribution
- PPM > USL and % > USL
- The parts per million (PPM) greater than the upper specification limit (PPM > USL) and percentage greater than the upper specification limit (% > USL) are computed from the probability which is as follows:
-
- : Upper specification limit
- : Process mean, estimated from data, or historical mean
- : Within subgroups standard deviation
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- Then and are multiples of the above probability:
-
-
- Confidence Intervals for PPM > USL and % > USL
- Two-Sided
- Confidence intervals for are given by the following formulas
-
-
-
-
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Number of observations
- : Alaph for confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : percentile of standard normal distribution
- Then get
-
-
-
-
- One-Sided
-
-
- where is the root of
- : Total number of obsevations
- : Alpha for the confidence level
- : Degrees of freedom for standard deviation
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Random variable that is distributed as non-central t distribution with degrees of freedom and non-centrality parameter
- : Cumulative distribution function of non-central t distribution
- PPM Total and % Total
- The parts per million that are outside the specification limits is calculated by:
- or
- Confidence Intervals for PPM Total and % Total with Both Lower and Upper Specification Limits
- Two-Sided
- or
- or
- The calculation of and can be referred to Benchmark Zs for Potential Capability for more details.
- One-Sided
- or
- Here is calculated using the same method as two-sided, but replacing by
- Confidence Intervals for PPM Total and % Total with Only One Specification Limit (Lower Only or Upper Only)
- Lower Specification Limit Only
- Use the same calculation as the confidence interval for the PPM < LSL or % < LSL
- Upper Specification Limit Only
- Use the same calculation as the confidence interval for the PPM > USL or % > USL
Expected Overall Performance
- The calculation for expected overall performance is similar as the procedure for expected within performance, but by using overall standard deviation instead. For more details, please refer to Expected Within Performance.
Observed Performance
- PPM < LSL for Observed Performance
- , where is lower specification limit, and is the total number of observations
- PPM > USL for Observed Performance
- , where is upper specification limit, and is the total number of observations
- PPM Total for Observed Performance
- , where is lower specification limit, is upper specification limit, and is the total number of observations
Between/Within Capability Analysis
Standard Deviation Estimation
- Within Subgroup Standard Deviation ()
- Please refer to Standard Deivation Estimation for more details about pooled standard deviation, average of subgroup ranges, and average of subgroup standard deviation.
- Between Subgroup Standard Deviation ()
-
- is calculated by average of moving range, median of moving range or square root of mean squared successive differences. For more details, please refer to Standard Deivation Estimation.
- Between/Within Standard Deviation ()
-
- Ovarall Standard Deviation ()
- Please refer to Overall Standard Deviation subsection in Standard Deivation Estimation.
Between/Within Capability
- Please refer to Potential Capability section for the calculations of Cp, CPL, CPU, Cpk, and CCpk. The difference is that the is replaced by . And, the calculation of in the formula of Cp confidence interval is also different. Here, is computed by:
-
-
-
-
-
-
- : Total number of observations
- : Number of subgroups
- : The subgroup size
- : Mean across all subgroups
- : Mean of the subgroup
- : The observation in the subgroup
Overall Capability
- Please refer to Overall Capability section for more details.
Benchmark Zs for Between/Within Capability
- The calculation of benchmark Zs for between/within capability is similar to potential capability, by replacing the by . Please refer to Benchmark Zs for Potential Capability for more details.
Benchmark Zs for Overall Capability
- The calculation of benchmark Zs for overall capability is similar to potential capability, by replacing the by . Please refer to Benchmark Zs for Potential Capability for more details.
Expected Between/Within Performance
- The calculation of expected between/within performance is similar to expected within performance, by replacing the by . Please refer to Expected Within Performance for more details. And the following confidence intervals have different calculations:
- Confidence Intervals for PPM < LSL and % < LSL
- One-Sided
-
-
- Confidence Intervals for PPM > USL and % > USL
- One-Sided
-
-
Expected Overall Performance
- The calculation for expected overall performance is similar as the procedure for expected within performance, but by using overall standard deviation instead. For more details, please refer to Expected Within Performance.
Observed Performance
- For more details, please refer to Observed Performance.
Non-normal Capability Analysis
Overall Capability
- Pp: Pp is computed by the parameters of the distribution used. Two methods are used for the Pp calculation, Z-Score method and ISO method.
- Z-Score Method
-
-
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution, percentile of standard normal distribution
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used distribution
- : Upper and Lower specification limits respectively
- ISO Method
-
- : Upper and Lower specification limits respectively
- : The percentile of the used distribution
- PPL
- Z-Score Method
-
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution, percentile of standard normal distribution
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used distribution
- : Lower specification limit
- ISO Method
-
- : Lower specification limit
- : The percentile of the used distribution
- PPU
- Z-Score Method
-
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution, percentile of standard normal distribution
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used distribution
- : Upper specification limit
- ISO Method
-
- : Lower specification limit
- : The percentile of the used distribution
- Ppk
-
Overall Benchmark Zs for Non-normal Capability
- Z.LSL, Z.USL, and Z.Bench
-
-
-
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used distribution, probability (X < LSL) based on the used nonnormal distribution
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used distribution, probability (X > USL) based on the used nonnormal distribution
- : Cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
Expected Overall Performance
- PPM < LSL
- The parts per million (PPM) less than the lower specification limit (PPM < LSL) is computed from the probability which is as follows:
-
- : Parts per million
- : Lower specification limit
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used nonnormal distribution
- PPM > USL
- The parts per million (PPM) greater than the upper specification limit (PPM > USL) is computed from the probability which is as follows:
-
- : Parts per million
- : Upper specification limit
- : Cumulative distribution function of the used nonnormal distribution
- PPM Total
-
Observed Performance
- For more details, please refer to Observed Performance.
Distribution
- For more details, please refer to Distributions.
Binomial Capability Analysis
Average P
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Sum of all sample sizes
Average P 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
-
-
-
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Sum of all sample sizes
- : Inverse F cumulative distribution function
%Defective
-
%Defective 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
PPM Defective
-
PPM Defective 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
Process Z
-
- : Inverse comulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
Process Z 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
- : Inverse cumulative distribution function of standard normal distribution
Poisson Capability Analysis
Mean Defective
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Number of samples
Mean Defective 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
-
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Number of samples
- : Inverse Chi Square cumulative distribution function
Mean DPU
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Sum of all sample sizes
Mean DPU 95% Confidence Interval
-
-
-
-
- : Sum of all defectives
- : Sum of all sample sizes
- : Inverse Chi Square cumulative distribution function
Minimum DPU
- The minimum defects per unit among all samples.
Maximum DPU
- The maximum defects per unit among all samples.
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