nag_rand_egarch (g05pgc) generates a given number of terms of an exponential
process (see
Engle and Ng (1993)).
An exponential
process is represented by:
where
,
denotes the expected value of
, and
or
. Here
is a standardized Student's
-distribution with
degrees of freedom and variance
,
is the number of observations in the sequence,
is the observed value of the
process at time
,
is the conditional variance at time
, and
the set of all information up to time
.
One of the initialization functions
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to
nag_rand_egarch (g05pgc).
Engle R (1982) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation Econometrica 50 987–1008
Glosten L, Jagannathan R and Runkle D (1993) Relationship between the expected value and the volatility of nominal excess return on stocks Journal of Finance 48 1779–1801
- 1:
– Nag_ErrorDistnInput
-
On entry: the type of distribution to use for
.
- A Normal distribution is used.
- A Student's -distribution is used.
Constraint:
or .
- 2:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: , the number of terms in the sequence.
Constraint:
.
- 3:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the number of coefficients,
, for .
Constraint:
.
- 4:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the number of coefficients,
, for .
Constraint:
.
- 5:
– const doubleInput
-
On entry: the initial parameter estimates for the vector
. The first element must contain the coefficient
and the next
iq elements must contain the autoregressive coefficients
, for
. The next
iq elements must contain the coefficients
, for
. The next
ip elements must contain the moving average coefficients
, for
.
Constraints:
- ;
- .
- 6:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the number of degrees of freedom for the Student's
-distribution.
If
,
df is not referenced.
Constraint:
if , .
- 7:
– doubleOutput
-
On exit: the conditional variances
, for , for the sequence.
- 8:
– doubleOutput
-
On exit: the observations
, for , for the sequence.
- 9:
– Nag_BooleanInput
-
On entry: if
, a new sequence is to be generated, otherwise a given sequence is to be continued using the information in
r.
- 10:
– doubleInput/Output
-
On entry: the array contains information required to continue a sequence if .
On exit: contains information that can be used in a subsequent call of nag_rand_egarch (g05pgc), with .
- 11:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the dimension of the array
r.
Constraint:
.
- 12:
– IntegerCommunication Array
-
Note: the dimension,
, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument
state in the previous call to
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
- 13:
– NagError *Input/Output
-
The NAG error argument (see
Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).
Not applicable.
Please consult the
x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the
Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
None.
This example first calls
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) to initialize a base generator then calls
nag_rand_egarch (g05pgc) to generate two realizations, each consisting of ten observations, from an exponential
model.
None.