NAG Library Function Document
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc)
1
Purpose
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) computes an incomplete Cholesky factorization of a complex sparse Hermitian matrix, represented in symmetric coordinate storage format. This factorization may be used as a preconditioner in combination with
nag_sparse_herm_chol_sol (f11jqc).
2
Specification
#include <nag.h> |
#include <nagf11.h> |
void |
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (Integer n,
Integer nnz,
Complex a[],
Integer la,
Integer irow[],
Integer icol[],
Integer lfill,
double dtol,
Nag_SparseSym_Fact mic,
double dscale,
Nag_SparseSym_Piv pstrat,
Integer ipiv[],
Integer istr[],
Integer *nnzc,
Integer *npivm,
NagError *fail) |
|
3
Description
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) computes an incomplete Cholesky factorization (see
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1977)) of a complex sparse Hermitian
by
matrix
. It is designed specifically for positive definite matrices, but may also work for some mildly indefinite cases. The factorization is intended primarily for use as a preconditioner with the complex Hermitian iterative solver
nag_sparse_herm_chol_sol (f11jqc).
The decomposition is written in the form
where
and
is a permutation matrix,
is lower triangular complex with unit diagonal elements,
is real diagonal and
is a remainder matrix.
The amount of fill-in occurring in the factorization can vary from zero to complete fill, and can be controlled by specifying either the maximum level of fill
lfill, or the drop tolerance
dtol. The factorization may be modified in order to preserve row sums, and the diagonal elements may be perturbed to ensure that the preconditioner is positive definite. Diagonal pivoting may optionally be employed, either with a user-defined ordering, or using the Markowitz strategy (see
Markowitz (1957)), which aims to minimize fill-in. For further details see
Section 9.
The sparse matrix
is represented in symmetric coordinate storage (SCS) format (see
Section 2.1.2 in the f11 Chapter Introduction). The array
a stores all the nonzero elements of the lower triangular part of
, while arrays
irow and
icol store the corresponding row and column indices respectively. Multiple nonzero elements may not be specified for the same row and column index.
The preconditioning matrix
is returned in terms of the SCS representation of the lower triangular matrix
4
References
Chan T F (1991) Fourier analysis of relaxed incomplete factorization preconditioners SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput. 12(2) 668–680
Markowitz H M (1957) The elimination form of the inverse and its application to linear programming Management Sci. 3 255–269
Meijerink J and Van der Vorst H (1977) An iterative solution method for linear systems of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix Math. Comput. 31 148–162
Salvini S A and Shaw G J (1995) An evaluation of new NAG Library solvers for large sparse symmetric linear systems NAG Technical Report TR1/95
Van der Vorst H A (1990) The convergence behaviour of preconditioned CG and CG-S in the presence of rounding errors Lecture Notes in Mathematics (eds O Axelsson and L Y Kolotilina) 1457 Springer–Verlag
5
Arguments
- 1:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: , the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 2:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the number of nonzero elements in the lower triangular part of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 3:
– ComplexInput/Output
-
On entry: the nonzero elements in the lower triangular part of the matrix
, ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row. Multiple entries for the same row and column indices are not permitted. The function
nag_sparse_herm_sort (f11zpc) may be used to order the elements in this way.
On exit: the first
nnz elements of
a contain the nonzero elements of
and the next
nnzc elements contain the elements of the lower triangular matrix
. Matrix elements are ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row.
- 4:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: the dimension of the arrays
a,
irow and
icol. These arrays must be of sufficient size to store both
(
nnz elements) and
(
nnzc elements).
Constraint:
.
- 5:
– IntegerInput/Output
- 6:
– IntegerInput/Output
-
On entry: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements supplied in
a.
Constraints:
irow and
icol must satisfy these constraints (which may be imposed by a call to
nag_sparse_herm_sort (f11zpc)):
- and , for ;
- or and , for .
On exit: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements returned in
a.
- 7:
– IntegerInput
-
On entry: if
its value is the maximum level of fill allowed in the decomposition (see
Section 9.2). A negative value of
lfill indicates that
dtol will be used to control the fill instead.
- 8:
– doubleInput
-
On entry: if
,
dtol is used as a drop tolerance to control the fill-in (see
Section 9.2); otherwise
dtol is not referenced.
Constraint:
if , .
- 9:
– Nag_SparseSym_FactInput
-
On entry: indicates whether or not the factorization should be modified to preserve row sums (see
Section 9.3).
- The factorization is modified.
- The factorization is not modified.
Constraint:
or .
- 10:
– doubleInput
-
On entry: the diagonal scaling parameter. All diagonal elements are multiplied by the factor (
) at the start of the factorization. This can be used to ensure that the preconditioner is positive definite. See also
Section 9.3.
- 11:
– Nag_SparseSym_PivInput
-
On entry: specifies the pivoting strategy to be adopted.
- No pivoting is carried out.
- Diagonal pivoting aimed at minimizing fill-in is carried out, using the Markowitz strategy (see Markowitz (1957)).
- Diagonal pivoting is carried out according to the user-defined input array ipiv.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
, or .
- 12:
– IntegerInput/Output
-
On entry: if
,
must specify the row index of the diagonal element to be used as a pivot at elimination stage
. Otherwise
ipiv need not be initialized.
Constraint:
if
,
ipiv must contain a valid permutation of the integers on
.
On exit: the pivot indices. If , the diagonal element in row was used as the pivot at elimination stage .
- 13:
– IntegerOutput
-
On exit:
, for
, is the starting address in the arrays
a,
irow and
icol of row
of the matrix
.
is the address of the last nonzero element in
plus one.
- 14:
– Integer *Output
-
On exit: the number of nonzero elements in the lower triangular matrix .
- 15:
– Integer *Output
-
On exit: the number of pivots which were modified during the factorization to ensure that
was positive definite. The quality of the preconditioner will generally depend on the returned value of
npivm. If
npivm is large the preconditioner may not be satisfactory. In this case it may be advantageous to call
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) again with an increased value of either
lfill or
dscale. See also
Sections 9.3 and
9.4.
- 16:
– NagError *Input/Output
-
The NAG error argument (see
Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).
6
Error Indicators and Warnings
- NE_ALLOC_FAIL
-
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See
Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
- NE_BAD_PARAM
-
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
- NE_INT
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
- NE_INT_2
-
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
On entry, and .
Constraint:
- NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
-
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact
NAG for assistance.
See
Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
A serious error has occurred in an internal call. Check all function calls and array sizes. Seek expert help.
- NE_INVALID_ROWCOL_PIVOT
-
On entry, a user-supplied value of
ipiv is repeated.
On entry, a user-supplied value of
ipiv lies outside the range [1,
n].
- NE_INVALID_SCS
-
On entry, , and .
Constraint: and .
On entry, , and .
Constraint: and .
- NE_NO_LICENCE
-
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See
Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
- NE_NOT_STRICTLY_INCREASING
-
On entry, is out of order: .
On entry, the location (
) is a duplicate:
. Consider calling
nag_sparse_herm_sort (f11zpc) to reorder and sum or remove duplicates.
- NE_REAL
-
On entry, .
Constraint:
- NE_TOO_SMALL
-
The number of nonzero entries in the decomposition is too large. The decomposition has been terminated before completion. Either increase
la, or reduce the fill by setting
, reducing
lfill, or increasing
dtol.
7
Accuracy
The accuracy of the factorization will be determined by the size of the elements that are dropped and the size of any modifications made to the diagonal elements. If these sizes are small then the computed factors will correspond to a matrix close to
. The factorization can generally be made more accurate by increasing
lfill, or by reducing
dtol with
.
If
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) is used in combination with
nag_sparse_herm_chol_sol (f11jqc), the more accurate the factorization the fewer iterations will be required. However, the cost of the decomposition will also generally increase.
8
Parallelism and Performance
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the
x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the
Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
The time taken for a call to nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) is roughly proportional to .
If
, the amount of fill-in occurring in the incomplete factorization is controlled by limiting the maximum ‘level’ of fill-in to
lfill. The original nonzero elements of
are defined to be of level
. The fill level of a new nonzero location occurring during the factorization is defined as:
where
is the level of fill of the element being eliminated, and
is the level of fill of the element causing the fill-in.
If
, the fill-in is controlled by means of the ‘drop tolerance’
dtol. A potential fill-in element
occurring in row
and column
will not be included if
For either method of control, any elements which are not included are discarded if , or subtracted from the diagonal element in the elimination row if .
There is unfortunately no choice of the various algorithmic arguments which is optimal for all types of complex Hermitian matrix, and some experimentation will generally be required for each new type of matrix encountered.
If the matrix
is not known to have any particular special properties, the following strategy is recommended. Start with
,
and
. If the value returned for
npivm is significantly larger than zero, i.e., a large number of pivot modifications were required to ensure that
was positive definite, the preconditioner is not likely to be satisfactory. In this case increase either
lfill or
dscale until
npivm falls to a value close to zero. Once suitable values of
lfill and
dscale have been found try setting
to see if any improvement can be obtained by using
modified incomplete Cholesky.
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) is primarily designed for positive definite matrices, but may work for some mildly indefinite problems. If
npivm cannot be satisfactorily reduced by increasing
lfill or
dscale then
is probably too indefinite for this function.
For certain classes of matrices (typically those arising from the discretization of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations), the convergence rate of the preconditioned iterative solver can sometimes be significantly improved by using an incomplete factorization which preserves the row-sums of the original matrix. In these cases try setting .
Although it is not their primary purpose,
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) and
nag_sparse_herm_precon_ichol_solve (f11jpc) may be used together to obtain a
direct solution to a complex Hermitian positive definite linear system. To achieve this the call to
nag_sparse_herm_precon_ichol_solve (f11jpc) should be preceded by a
complete Cholesky factorization
A complete factorization is obtained from a call to
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) with
and
, provided
on exit. A nonzero value of
npivm indicates that
a is not positive definite, or is ill-conditioned. A factorization with nonzero
npivm may serve as a preconditioner, but will not result in a direct solution. It is therefore
essential to check the output value of
npivm if a direct solution is required.
The use of
nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) and
nag_sparse_herm_precon_ichol_solve (f11jpc) as a direct method is illustrated in
nag_sparse_herm_precon_ichol_solve (f11jpc).
10
Example
This example reads in a complex sparse Hermitian matrix and calls nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) to compute an incomplete Cholesky factorization. It then outputs the nonzero elements of both and .
The call to nag_sparse_herm_chol_fac (f11jnc) has , , and , giving an unmodified zero-fill factorization of an unperturbed matrix, with Markowitz diagonal pivoting.
10.1
Program Text
Program Text (f11jnce.c)
10.2
Program Data
Program Data (f11jnce.d)
10.3
Program Results
Program Results (f11jnce.r)